Apparatus and method for determination of subsurface permittivity and conductivity

ABSTRACT

The disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for determining dielectric constant and/or conductivity of earth formations surrounding a borehole. Electromagnetic energy is generated at a first location in the borehole. The relative attenuation of the electromagnetic energy is detected at a second location in the borehole. The detection is preferably performed using a first or &#34;close&#34; differential receiver arrangement. The relative phase of the electromagnetic energy is detected at a third location in the borehole, the third location being spaced farther from the first location than is the second location; in other words, the second location is between the first and third locations. The relative phase shift of the electromagnetic energy is measured by a second or &#34;far&#34; differential receiver arrangement located at the third location in the borehole. Means are provided for determining the dielectric constant and/or the conductivity of the formations as a function of the detected relative attenuation and relative phase. The dielectric constant and/or conductivity are determined with improved accuracy as compared to prior art techniques, since the attenuation and relative phase information is representative of the effects of formations at substantially the same depth of investigation from the borehole. In a further embodiment of the invention, the attenuation of the electromagnetic energy is also detected at the third location and then combined with the other information to obtain an &#34;ultra deep&#34; conductivity value.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the investigation of the properties of earthformations surrounding a borehole and, more particularly, to anapparatus and method for determining the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of formations surrounding a borehole using radio frequencyelectromagnetic energy. The subject matter of the present invention isrelated to subject matter disclosed in the copending U.S. PatentApplication Ser. No. 835,127, of G. Huchital and J. Tabanou, filed ofeven date herewith and assigned to the same assignee as the presentinvention.

It is well known to log or record certain electrical characteristics ofearth formations surrounding a well borehole as a function of depth inorder to determine the location and extent of oil-bearing strata. A logof formation resistivity versus depth may indicate the presence ofhydrocarbons, since hydrocarbon-bearing formations typically exhibit ahigher resistivity than formations containing mostly salt water. If theformation connate water is relatively fresh, however, there can beambiguities in interpreting results since there may be insufficientcontrast between the resistivity of the hydrocarbons and the resistivityof the water.

Ambiguities of resistivity logs in fresh water zones and other factorshave led to an increasing interest in the development of techniques forobtaining measurements of the dielectric constant or electricpermittivity of subsurface formations. The dielectric constant ofdifferent materials commonly found in earth formations vary widely. Forexample, the dielectric constant of oil is on the order of 2.2 while thedielectric constant of limestone is on the order of 7.5. In contrast,the dielectric constant of water is on the order of 80 and is largelyindependent of the salinity (and resistivity) of the water. Thus,measurement of dielectric properties of formations holds much promise ofbeing a useful means of formation evaluation.

In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,910 of R. Rau, assigned to the same assigneeas this application, there is disclosed an investigating apparatuscapable of determining, inter alia, the dielectric constant offormations surrounding a borehole by injecting microwave electromagneticenergy into the formations and measuring the relative phase shift andattenuation of the wave energy as it propagates through the formations.This apparatus has demonstrated its effectiveness as a well loggingtool, but certain practical limitations pertaining to frequency ofoperation, antenna spacing, etc., result in that well logging toolhaving its main application in determining the dielectric constant offormations relatively near the surface of the borehole wall. Statedanother way, the microwave electromagnetic propagation device describedin U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,910 is a relatively "shallow" investigation toolwhich primarily determines characteristics of the "invaded zone"surrounding the borehole, this being the zone in which borehole drillingfluids typically have displaced at least a portion of the fluidsoriginally present in the formations. The microwave frequencies employedin the Rau patent render it difficult to investigate deeper than theinvaded zone since the relatively longer transmitter to receiverspacings needed for a deeper investigation tend to become impracticalsince microwave signals attenuate relatively quickly in the formations.While information concerning the invaded zone can be extremely valuable,it would be additionally advantageous to obtain an indication of thedielectric constant of formations which are further from the borehole;i.e. in the virgin or "uninvaded" formations, or at least formationswhich are subject to less invasion than the formations in very closeproximity to the borehole.

Even before development of the techniques disclosed in the referencedU.S. Pat. No. 3,944,910, it had been proposed that propagatingelectromagnetic energy, at frequencies typically below the microwaverange, could be injected into the formations with a view towardmeasuring the properties of propagation of the energy in the formations.For example, in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,797 of Gouilloud et al., thereis disclosed a technique wherein electromagnetic energy is transmittedinto the formations and energy shed back into the borehole is measuredat two spaced receivers to determine the relative attenuation and/or therelative phase of the electromagnetic energy propagating in theformations. Gouilloud et al. teaches that by using differenttransmitter-to-receiver spacings, different depths of investigation intothe borehole can be attained. For example, a relatively closer spacedreceiver pair can be utilized to obtain attenuation and/or phaseinformation from which properties of the invaded zone are determined andmeasurements of attenuation and/or phase from a relatively furtherspaced pair of receivers can be utilized to obtain the properties of thedeeper uninvaded formations. In the patent of Gouilloud et al., theconcern is largely with obtaining conductivity. Either attenuation orphase can be utilized therein to determine the skin depth of theformations, with conductivity then being determinable from the skindepth. Below a certain frequency range, the skin depth of theelectromagnetic energy can be calculated using either attenuation orphase information since displacement currents have minimal effect.

Reviewing up to this point, the prior art discussed so far shows thatelectromagnetic energy propagated in formations of interest can bemeasured to determine the conductivity of the formations (e.g. theGouilloud et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,797), and much higher microwavefrequency electromagnetic energy can be propagated in the formations,and especially the invaded zone thereof, to determine the dielectricconstant thereof (e.g. the Rau U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,910). There have alsobeen various proposals for using electromagnetic energy at frequenciesintermediate those discussed so far, i.e. radio frequencyelectromagnetic energy in the range between about 10 MHz and 100 MHz, todetermine the dielectric constant and/or the conductivity of formationssurrounding a borehole. In this frequency range, dielectric constant andconductivity both have a substantial effect upon the propagationconstant of electromagnetic energy propagating in the formations, someasurements of attenuation and phase can be used for solution ofsimultaneous equations to determine the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of formations through which the electromagnetic energy haspassed. Also, in this frequency range signal attenuation is much lesssevere than in the case of microwave electromagnetic energy, sotransmitter-to-receiver spacings can be substantially greater withconcomitant improvements in depth of investigation. The use offrequencies in the radio frequency range above 10 MHz is disclosed, forexample in various Russian publications: e.g. Daev "Dielectric InductionLogging" Izv. MVO SSSR, Ser. Geologiya Razvedka (1965); Antonov and Daev"Equipment for Dielectric Induction Logging", Geofiz. Apparatura, No. 26(1965); Antonov and Izyumov "Two Frequency Dielectric Induction Loggingwith Two Sondes", Geol. Geofiz., No. 4 (1968); Daev "Physical Principlesof Electromagnetic Wave Logging", Geol. Razved, No. 4 (1970). Morerecently, a number of patents have issued, among them U.S. Pat. Nos.3,891,916; 3,982,176; 3,893,021; 3,982,176; 3,993,944; 4,009,434 and4,012,689, which utilize electromagnetic energy in the radio frequencyrange between about 10 MHz and 60 MHz to determine the dielectricconstant and/or the conductivity of formations surrounding a borehole.Briefly, the techniques in the Russian publications and the listedpatents generally recognize that dielectric constant and conductivityare two unknowns in the wave propagation equation. A basic approach isto establish two or more equations from which the unknowns can besimultaneously solved. In one instance, the amplitude and phase of waveenergy are each measured so that two equations can be set up. In anotherinstance, the amplitude at two different spacings is utilized, in afurther instance conductivity is obtained from a low frequency inductiondevice and measurements in the radio frequency range are utilized asother inputs in solving for dielectric constant.

In the described prior art techniques, the depth of investigation of aparticular logging device, at a given frequency, is generally understoodto be determined by transmitter-to-receiver spacings. At least two typesof basic considerations pertaining to depth of investigation are evidentin the prior art. First, when it is desired to obtain values offormation characteristics such as conductivity or dielectric constant,different spacings can be intentionally used to determine thesecharacteristics at different depths of investigation (as discussedbriefly above). For example, a relatively short spacing logging devicecan be used to measure formation characteristics in the invaded zone anda relatively long spacing logging device can be used to measureformation characteristics in the non-invaded zone. Secondly, in sometechniques measured values are, of necessity, indicative of readings atdifferent depths of investigation, such as where different loggingdevices are employed to obtain different formation characteristics thatare utilized together in formation evaluation. When the measured valuesare combined to yield formation characteristics, the different depths ofinvestigation are considered as introducing error. This would appear tofollow logically since some of the readings used to evaluate formationsmay be coming from one depth of investigation and other readings comingfrom another depth of investigation where the formations might be of adifferent nature.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus andmethod for investigating earth formations utilizing radio frequencyelectromagnetic energy, the apparatus and method employing an improvedtechnique for determining parameters such as dielectric constant and/orconductivity with assurance that the measurements used for suchdetermination are "looking" at substantially the same formations; i.e.,having substantially the same depth of investigation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Applicant has discovered that when radio frequency electromagneticenergy is emitted from a first location in a borehole into thesurrounding formations and then received at a second location in theborehole, the volume and shape of the formations which affect ameasurement of wave energy attenuation as measured at the secondlocation is different than the volume and shape of the formations whichaffect a measurement of relative phase of the electromagnetic waveenergy received at the second location. In particular, the attenuationmeasurement is more affected by portions of the formations further fromthe borehole than are measurements of phase; i.e., the attenuationmeasurement "looks" deeper into the formations than does the phasemeasurement.

It is known in the art that two measurements of electromagnetic energyof a particular frequency can be utilized to determine the dielectricconstant and conductivity of formations surrounding a borehole. Toapplicant's knowledge, it has in the past been considered appropriate tocombine measurements from a particular receiver location to obtain thedielectric constant and conductivity of surrounding formations to acertain depth of investigation.

Applicant's discovery indicates, inter alia, that previously usedtechniques tend to introduce inaccuracies due to the fact that the inputphase information is "looking" at somewhat different formations than theinput attenuation information. The effect is believed to be morepronounced as spacings become wider; i.e., as it is attempted to look"deeper" into the formations. Applicant's invention makes use of thisdiscovery to eliminate such inaccuracies and, in embodiments thereof,produces values of dielectric constant and/or conductivity which arebased upon attenuation and phase measurements having substantially thesame depth of investigation and vertical extent.

The invention is directed to an apparatus and method for determiningproperties, in particular dielectric constant and/or conductivity, ofearth formations surrounding a borehole. In accordance with theapparatus of the invention, means are provided for generatingelectromagnetic energy at a first location in the borehole. Furthermeans are provided for detecting a first parameter, preferably relativeattenuation, of the electromagnetic wave energy at a second location inthe borehole. Preferably, the detection is performed using a first or"close" differential receiver arrangement, the second location beingdefined by about the center of said "close" differential receiverarrangement. Means are also provided for detecting a second parameter ofthe electromagnetic energy at a third location in the borehole, thethird location being spaced farther from the first location than is thesecond location; in other words, the second location is between thefirst and third locations. Preferably, the second parameter is therelative phase shift of the electromagnetic wave energy, and it ismeasured by a second or "far" differential receiver arrangement locatedat the third location in the borehole. The third location is defined byabout the center of the "far" differential receiver arrangement. Furthermeans are provided for determining properties of the formations as afunction of the first and second parameters. Preferably, the dielectricconstant and/or conductivity of the formations are determined, and theseresults provide improved accuracy as compared to prior art techniques,since the attenuation and relative phase information is representativeof the effects of formations at substantially the same depth ofinvestigation from the borehole.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention the second location isspaced approximately halfway between the first and third locations. Inthis embodiment a frequency of about 20 MHz is employed and the fourreceivers (comprising two differential receiver arrangements) areapproximately equally spaced apart with about a two foot spacing betweenadjacent receivers.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the attenuation of theelectromagnetic energy is also detected at the third location and thencombined with the other information to obtain an "ultra deep"conductivity value.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become morereadily apparent from the following detailed description when taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the amplitude comparator60 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the phase detector 70 ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a simplified cross section through a borehole whichillustrates lines of constant phase of electromagnetic wave energy.

FIG. 5 is a simplified cross section through a borehole whichillustrates lines of constant amplitude of electromagnetic wave energy.

FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 are simplified models useful in developing normalizedphase and attenuation values.

FIG. 9 is a graph of normalized amplitude and phase as a function ofdifferent diameters in the model of FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 is a simplified flow chart for programming of the computingmeans of FIG. 1.

FIG. 11 is a graph of attenuation versus phase for various values of ε'and σ.

FIG. 12 is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of theinvention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a representative embodiment of anapparatus in accordance with the present invention for investigatingsubsurface formations 31 traversed by a borehole 32. The borehole 32 maybe filled with air or, more typically, drilling mud which may be eitherwater-based mud or oil-based mud. Also, the borehole may be open orcased with a nonconductive material. The investigating apparatus orlogging device 30 is suspended in the borehole 32 on an armored cable33, the length of which substantially determines the relative depth ofthe device 30. The cable length is controlled by suitable means at thesurface such as a drum and winch mechanism (not shown). The armoredcable 33 is rewound on the drum to raise the device 30 toward thesurface as formation characteristics are measured. Depth measurementsare provided by a measure wheel 96 which is rotated as a result ofcontact with cable 33. Pulses provided by rotation of measure wheel 96are applied to a recorder to provide a record of the depths at whichmeasurements are being taken.

The logging device 30 may be a sonde which carries a transmitter T, afirst or near pair of receivers R₁, R₂, and a second or far pair ofreceivers R₃, R₄. The transmitter T and the receivers R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄are preferably, but not necessarily, coils. The transmitter isdesignated herein as being located in the borehole at a first location,L₁ ', the near receiver pair is designated as being located at a secondlocation, L₂ ', and the far receiver pair is designated as being locatedat a third location, L₃ '. The second and third locations are actuallyregions within which the respective receiver pairs are located and, forconvenience, L₂ ' is defined as having a reference position or depthlevel at the midpoint between R₁ and R₂, whereas L₃ ' is defined ashaving a reference position or depth level at the midpoint between R₃and R₄. Relative spacing of the receiver pair will be treatedhereinbelow, but preferably the spacing D_(n) between the transmitter Tand the receiver pair R₁, R₂, is of the order of one-half the spacingD_(f) between the transmitter T and the receiver pair R₃, R₄.

The transmitter T is driven by a circuit which includes an oscillator24, which may be of a crystal-controlled type, that generates a radiofrequency signal in the range of 10 MHz-100 MHz, and preferably about 20MHz. The output of oscillator 24 is amplified by amplifier 26 and thencoupled to the transmitter T via a balance and matching network 39. Anoscillator 56, which is synchronized with oscillator 24, provides anoutput signal having a frequency which differs from the frequency ofsignals provided by oscillator 24 by a relatively low frequency, forexample 80 KHz. As will be described, the output of oscillator 56 ismixed with the signals from the receivers to generate a further signalhaving a phase and amplitude related to the phase and amplitude of thereceiver outputs but a much lower frequency (80 KHz) which simplifiesthe amplitude and phase detection operations.

An amplitude comparator circuit 60 functions to measure the relativeattenuation of electromagnetic wave energy detected at the receivers R₁and R₂ and provides an amplitude ratio signal (A₂ /A₁), where A₂ and A₁are peak amplitudes sensed at the receivers R₂ and R₁ respectively. Aphase detector circuit 70 functions to measure the difference in phasebetween electromagnetic waves detected at receivers R₃ and R₄. Accordingto an embodiment of the invention, the outputs of receivers R₃ and R₄may also be applied to a second amplitude comparator circuit 80 which,as will be further described, is used in deriving an "ultra-deepconductivity" measurement.

For ease of illustration, the described transmitter and receivercircuitry are illustrated as being set apart from device 30, althoughsuch circuitry is generally located within the logging device. Thecircuitry is electrically coupled to surface instrumentation, includinga computing module 100, through conductors 60A, 70A and 80A which areincluded within the armored cable 16.

The computing module 100 combines the relative attenuation signalprovided by amplitude comparator 60 and the phase difference signalprovided by phase detector 70 to derive dielectric constant andconductivity values for the formation at a particular depth ofinvestigation in the surrounding formation. Also, the output signal ofamplitude comparator 80 can be combined with the derived dielectricconstant value to obtain an ultra-deep conductivity value for theformations. The calculated values of dielectric constant andconductivity are applied to a recorder 95 which also receives depthindicating signals from the measure wheel 96. The recorder 95 provides alog of dielectric constant values and conductivity values for theformations surrounding the borehole as a function of depth. It will beunderstood that the computing module and/or recording or storagecapabilities can be located at remote locations.

FIG. 2 discloses an embodiment of the amplitude comparator circuit 60.The signal from receiver R₁ is coupled to the input of a first balanceand matching network 601 and the signal from receiver R₂ is coupled tothe input of a second balance and matching network 611. The outputs ofmatching networks 601 and 611 are preamplified by preamplifiers 602 and612. To simplify the process of amplitude detection, the outputs ofpreamps 602 and 612 are coupled to mixer circuits 603 and 613,respectively, which receive as their other inputs the signal fromoscillator 56 which is at a frequency fo±80 KHz, i.e. 80 KHz above orbelow the transmitter frequency. The mixing of the two signals produces,in each case, an output signal having an amplitude and phase related tothe amplitude and phase of the signal detected at a respective receiver,but a frequency of 80 KHz. The outputs of mixer 603 and 613 are filteredby band pass filters 604 and 614 and then coupled, by IF stageamplifiers 605 and 615 to peak detectors 606 and 616, respectively. Thepeak detectors provide output signals representative of the wave energyenvelopes. The outputs of the peak detectors are coupled to a ratiocircuit 620 which generates the signal on line 60A (FIG. 1) that isrepresentative of the amplitude ratio of the wave energy received at R₂and R₁.

FIG. 3 discloses an embodiment of the phase comparator circuit 70 ofFIG. 1. The signal from receivers R₃ and R₄ are respectively coupled tothe inputs of impedance matching networks 701 and 711. In a mannersimilar to FIG. 2, the output of balance and matching network 701 iscoupled to preamplifier 702, mixer 703, filter 704 and IF amplifier 705,while the output of balance and matching network 711 is coupled topreamplifier 712, mixer 713, filter 714 and IF amplifier 715. Theoutputs of amplifiers 705 and 715 are respectively coupled to zerocrossing detectors 706 and 716. The output of zero crossing detector 706is coupled to the set terminal of a flip-flop 720, and the output of thezero crossing detector 716 is coupled to the reset terminal of theflip-flop 720. The zero crossing detectors are operative to generate anoutput only for excursions through zero in the positive-going direction.Accordingly, during each cycle the energy arriving first at receiver R₃will result in an output of zero crossing detector 706 which, in turn,sets the flip-flop 720. When the signal subsequently arrives at receiverR₄, the resultant output of zero crossing detector 716 will reset theflip-flop 720. Accordingly, the output of flip-flop 720 is a pulsehaving a duration which represents the phase difference between the twosignals. The output of flip-flop 720 is coupled to an integrator 730whose output is the signal 70A; i.e., an analog signal representative ofthe phase difference as between the signals received at receivers R₄ andR₃. It will be understood that the advantageous noise-eliminatingtechnique described in the Calvert U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,721, with orwithout borehole compensation techniques, can be employed, if desired.If borehole compensation is utilized, a second transmitter can belocated on the opposite side of the receivers, and the receiver pairscan be adapted to alternately reverse roles as the transmitters areswitched. Alternatively, one could, if desired, employ a time-processedborehole-compensation technique of the type described in the copendingU.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 922,114, which is a continuation ofU.S. Ser. No. 687,471, now abandoned, of N. Schuster, assigned to thesame assignee as the present application. Further, it will be understoodthat the signals on lines 60A, 70A or 80A can, if desired, be digitizedbefore transmission to the surface, using known telemetering techniques.

The amplitude comparator 80 may be of the same form as shown in FIG. 2.For efficiency of design, the comparator 80 may share portions of thecircuitry of the circuits 60 and/or 70. FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate, insimplified form, the general nature of the amplitude and phasemeasurements, at the frequency range of interest herein, and are usefulin understanding relative depths of investigation attributable toamplitude and phase measurements of signals transmitted from the samelocation in the same formations. In each figure there is depicted aborehole filled with borehold fluid having conductivity σ_(m) anddielectric constant ε_(m) ', an invaded zone having conductivity σ_(xo)and dielectric constant ε_(xo) ', and an uninvaded virgin formationhaving conductivity σ_(t) and dielectric constant ε_(t) '. FIG. 4 shows,in simplified terms and ignoring geometric effects, the general shape oflines of constant phase of electromagnetic wave energy which wouldresult from a vertical magnetic dipole source located at an originposition "O". The lines of constant phase are seen to be generallycircular in shape and indicate, for example, that the phase differenceas between signals received at positions designated r₁ and r₂ in theborehole is related to the phase difference attributable to theformations between the lines 401 and 402; i.e., largely the invadedformations, to the essential exclusion of the uninvaded formations.Similarly, the phase difference as between signals received at positionsdesignated r₃ and r₄ in the borehole is related to the phase differenceattributable to the formations between lines 403 and 404, and includingthe "band" in the uninvaded formations depicted by the cross hatchedportions. The differential nature of the comparison of the signals tendsto cancel the effect of the non-cross-hatched regions. In FIG. 5, wherelines of constant amplitude are shown (again, neglecting geometricaleffects for clarity of illustration) positions in the boreholecorresponding to r₁, r₂, r₃ and r₄ are again illustrated. The differencein amplitude as between the positions r₁ and r₂ corresponds to thedifference in amplitude attributable to formations lying between thelines 501 and 502 so that, for example, the cross hatched portions inFIG. 5 illustrate portions of the uninvaded formations which can beexpected to contribute to amplitude difference measurements taken atpositions r₁ and r₂. Similarly, the difference in amplitude as betweenthe positions r₃ and r₄ corresponds to the difference in amplitudeattributable to formations lying between the lines 503 and 504 andincluding the cross hatched portions of the uninvaded formations.

It can be seen from the illustrations of FIGS. 4 and 5 that theattenuation measurements taken at receiver locations in the borehole area function of the properties of formations which have a different extentthan the formations which contribute to the measurements of phase takenat the same receiver locations; the attenuation measurement effectivelylooking "deeper" (in directions both radial and parallel with respect tothe borehole) than the phase measurements. For example, attenuationmeasurements taken at positions r₁ and r₂ are substantially affected bythe uninvaded formations whereas phase measurements taken at these samepositions are not.

To obtain a better understanding of the invention, the embodiment ofFIG. 1 will be set aside momentarily and some theoretical considerationswill be set forth. First, consider a vertical magnetic dipole in ahomogeneous medium of conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, andrelative dielectric constant ε'. The voltage at a distance L from thesource is ##EQU1## where K_(o) is a constant, ω=2πf is the angularfrequency of the source, j is the imaginary operator, and k is thecomplex propagation constant defined by ##EQU2## where c is the speed oflight. The complex propagation constant, k, can be represented as thesum of its real part, a, and its imaginary part, b, by

    k=a+jb                                                     (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) gives: ##EQU3## For a pair of spaced receiverslocated at L₁ and L₂, where L₂ is further from the transmitter than L₁,the relative attenuation is defined by ##EQU4## From (4), |V(L₁)| can beexpressed as ##EQU5## Similarly, |V(L₂)| can be expressed as ##EQU6##From (5), (6) and (7), we have ##EQU7## To determine the relative phaseas between the wave energy at the two receivers, the phase angle, φ₁, ofthe energy at the receiver at a distance L₂ is first calculated as:##EQU8## Similarly, the phase of the wave energy at the receiver at adistance L₁ is ##EQU9## The relative phase or phase difference, is then##EQU10##

Relationships (8) and (12) are in terms of a and b from equation (3).Using relationships (2) and (3) and equating the real and imaginaryparts, gives ##EQU11## and

    2ab=ωμσ                                     (14)

Simultaneous solution of (13) and (14) yields ##EQU12## These values ofa and b can be substituted into relationships (8) and (12). Assume thedistances L₁ and L₂ and the angular frequency, ω, are known. Since theformations of interest are generally non-magnetic, μ can be considered aconstant. Thus, when Atten. and Δφ have been measured, the two unknowns,ε' and σ, can be solved from the two equations (8) and (12).

Having obtained generalized equations, it will be understood that in theembodiment of FIG. 1 the attenuation information is obtained from theclose receiver pair R₁, R₂, whereas the phase information is obtainedfrom the far receiver pair R₃, R₄. Therefore, in equation (8) thedistances L₁ and L₂ are respectively the distances from transmitter T toreceivers R₁ and R₂, and in equation (12) the distances L₁ and L₂ arerespectively the distances from transmitter T to receivers R₃ and R₄.Specific values will be applied hereinbelow.

Various techniques, well known in the art, could be employed to obtainand record ε' and/or σ from equations (8) and (12), either at the welllogging site or at a remote location (bearing in mind, as indicated,that the inputs to these equations will be from different receiverpairs). For example, a small general purpose digital computer can beloaded with a table of values of ε' and σ corresponding to particularAtten. and Δφ values. This could be done, for example, by inputting anarray of values of ε' and σ, one pair at a time, into the equations (8)and (12). For each pair of input values, the equations are solved forAtten. and Δφ. The particular pair ε' and σ which are used to obtain theresultant values Atten. and Δφ are then stored in the table inconjunction with these values. Later, during operation, as values ofAtten. and Δφ are obtained on lines 60A and 70A, the computer looks upthe corresponding values of ε' and σ in the stored table, and thesevalues are recorded on recorder 95, as indicated by the outputs of block100 in FIG. 1.

A simplified flow chart for programming the computing module 100 tostore the table of values is shown in FIG. 10. Initial values of ε' andσ are first selected, as indicated by the block 101. These values couldtypically be the lowest possible expected values of ε' and σ. Block 102is then entered and represents the function of solving for Atten. and Δφfor using equations (8) and (12). The current values of ε' and σ arethen stored in conjunction with the calculated values of Atten. and Δφ,as represented by the block 103. The value of ε' is then incremented, asrepresented by the block 104. ε' is then tested (diamond 105) todetermine if it exceeds the maximum value of ε' to be used. If not,block 102 is reentered, and new values are stored in the table. When ε'has been incremented over its full range, the answer to the inquiry ofdiamond 105 will be "yes" and block 106 is entered, this blockrepresenting the incrementing of σ. σ is then tested (diamond 107) todetermine if it exceeds the maximum value of σ to be utilized. If not,block 102 is again entered and, as previously described, a new set ofvalues will be determined as ε' is iterated over its full range for thisnew value of σ. This procedure will continue until σ exceeds its maximumvalue whereupon the routine is over and the full table of values hasbeen stored. The calculated set of values can, if desired, be plotted asa graph, and FIG. 11 illustrates the type of graph obtained for aparticular set of conditions (described hereinbelow), with Atten. and Δφbeing plotted on the abscissa and ordinate, respectively, with familiesof curves for ε' and σ being evident. It will be understood that oncethe graph is developed, it can be used to determine the correct valuesfor ε' and σ for a given pair of measurements of Atten. and Δφ, such asby obtaining the output values graphically.

An alternative to the table look-up technique described above would be acurve matching technique using, for example, a least-squares process.Another alternative is to obtain solutions to equations (8) and (12)iteratively by selecting "guess" values and then incrementing themsuccessively to converge to solutions. A still further possible approachis to provide a special purpose analog or digital computer whichprovides output functions that simulate the families of curves as shownin FIG. 11. It will also be recognized that by using the describedlogging device in suitably large test pit borehole, the appropriatestored values such as in FIG. 11 can be obtained empirically.

FIGS. 6-9 are useful in understanding the principles of the inventionand in illustrating the extent of formations surrounding a boreholewhich influence measurements of attenuation and phase. Consider thesimplified model of FIG. 6 wherein there is shown a borehole 132 filledwith drilling mud and having a diameter (incuding mudcake) of eightinches with conductivity and dielectric constant, as shown, of ε_(m)'=70 and σ_(m) =1 mho/meter, typical of a relatively fresh water-basedmud. A "fully" invaded zone 133, having a variable thickness to bedesignated, has a dielectric constant ε_(xo) '=11 and a conductivityσ=63 millimho/meter. The region 134, which also has a variable thicknessto be designated, is also invaded to some degree and is called a"transition" zone whose characteristics will be set forth momentarily.The uninvaded or virgin formation 131 is considered as having adielectric constant ε_(t) '=5.2 and a conductivity σ_(t) =20millimhos/meter. The transition zone has an average diameter D and has arelatively smooth transition as between the dielectric constants andconductivities of its surrounding zones, the smooth transition beingapproximated by eight equal steps in the present model. The diameter ofthe fully invaded zone 133, designated D', is a fraction of thetransition zone 134 diameter selected as 11/20 of D in this model. Thedielectric constant and conductivity of the various zones areillustrated by the curves 6a and 6b, respectively, of FIG. 6.

Next, consider a transmitter, in the form of a 1.5 inch radius coilwound on a hollow mandrel, as being centrally located in the borehole atan origin position designated as depth x=0. Further consider a similarcoil which serves as a receiver, centrally located in the borehole adistance x from the transmitter. For a selected average transition zonediameter D_(i) and a selected frequency, for example 20 MHz, themagnitude and phase angle of the voltage at the receiver location x canbe computed by solving Maxwell's equations for the multimedia model.This can be done, for example, using a recursive technique wherein onesolves for the reflection coefficient at the farthest boundary, usingthe generalized wave equation, and then successively solves for thereflection coefficient at successively closer boundaries. Using thistype of solution, and varying receiver location and average transitionzone diameter, one can derive a table of voltage magnitude and voltagephase values for each of a plurality of receiver distances, x_(j), eachcomputed for a number of different transition zone diameters, D_(i). Inother words, a table of values for |V|=f (x_(j),D_(i)) and a table ofvalues for ≮V=g(x_(j),D_(i)) can be set forth.

Having established a table of values, as described, one can study therelative depth of investigation attributable to both the phase and theattenuation measurements obtained by receiver pairs of differentselected spacings. Before doing this, however, it is useful to considersecond and third theoretical models to obtain baseline values from which"normalized" depth of investigation values can be obtained, in a mannerwhich will become clear. The second theoretical model, illustrated inFIG. 7, is considered as having an invaded zone 133' of infinite extent;i.e., the invaded zone 133 from the FIG. 6 model extends outward toinfinity. Using the second model, a listing of values, similar to thevalues of the table indicated above, except that in this case all havethe same infinite diameter invaded zone, can be established; i.e., alist of values for |V_(j)∞ |=f (x_(j),D.sub.∞) and ≮V_(j)∞=g(x_(j),D.sub.∞) where D.sub.∞ represents the infinite extent invadedzone.

Assume, now, that one selects a pair of distances, designated as x_(a)and x_(b) at which a pair of receivers are assumed to be respectivelypositioned. Using the listing of values associated with the second model(FIG. 7), the expected attenuation, designated A_(ab)∞, and the expectedrelative phase, designated φ_(ab)∞, can be obtained from the voltagemagnitudes and angles of the previously generated listing for thedistances x_(a) and x_(b), as follows: ##EQU13##

    φ.sub.ab∞ =≮V.sub.b∞ -≮V.sub.a∞

In the third theoretical model, shown in FIG. 8, there is no invasionand the formations are considered as having conductivity σ_(t) anddielectric constant ε_(t) from the borehole outward. Using the thirdmodel, a listing of values, similar to the listing developed for thesecond model, can be established; i.e., a list of values for |V_(jt) |=f(x_(j),D_(t)) and ≮V_(jt) =g(x_(j), D_(t)), where D_(t) represents thesituation of no invasion, viz. virgin formation from the boreholeoutward. Once again, for a pair of distances x_(a) and x_(b) at whichreceivers are assumed to be respectively positioned, the expectedattenuation, designated A_(abt), and the expected phase, designatedφ_(abt), can be obtained from the voltage magnitudes and angles of thepreviously generated listing for the distances x_(a) and x_(b), asfollows: ##EQU14##

    φ.sub.abt =≮V.sub.bt -≮V.sub.at.

The normalized attenuation and normalized phase difference as betweenreceivers at locations x_(a) and x_(b) can now be set forth, where the"normalizing" quantities are the developed attenuation and phasedifference for the second model (infinite invaded zone) and for thethird model (no invaded zone). By so doing, one can visualize therelative depth of investigation (as between situations of infiniteinvaded zone and no invaded zone) without undue influence on thepresentation of any particular parameter, such as conductivity. (Forexample, variations in conductivity could yield quite differentpercentage contrasts in phase difference and attenuation as a functionof average transition zone diameter for particular receiver spacings inthe absence of normalization. The technique of normalizing allows one tostudy depth of investigation more objectively and with less effect byparticular formation conductivity or dielectric constant parameters.)

In particular, the normalized attenuation, designated A_(abn) (D_(i)),and the normalized phase, designated φ_(abn) (D_(i)) for receiverslocated at x_(a) and x_(b) and for an average transition zone diameter(model 1--FIG. 6) of D_(i) are expressed as ##EQU15## where A_(ab)(D_(i)) and φ_(ab) (D_(i)) are obtained from the original table listing(model 1--FIG. 6) as ##EQU16##

    φ.sub.ab (D.sub.i)=≮V.sub.b (D.sub.i)-≮V.sub.a (D.sub.i)

It is seen from the expression for A_(abn) (D_(i)) that normalizedattenuation equals unity when A_(ab) (D_(i)) equals A_(ab)∞ (situationof infinite invaded zone), whereas normalized attenuation equals zerowhen A_(ab) (D_(i)) equals A_(abt) (situation of no invaded zone).Similarly, from the expression for φ_(abn) (D_(i)) it is seen thatnormalized phase equals unity when φ_(ab) (D_(i)) equals φ_(ab)∞ andnormalized phase equals zero when φ_(ab) (D_(i)) equals φ_(abt).

FIG. 9 is a graph of the normalized amplitude and phase, A_(abn) andφ_(abn) as a function of different diameters, D_(i), for the model ofFIG. 6. The solid curves respectively represent A_(abn) and φ_(abn) fora receiver pair positioned at x_(a) =27 inches and x_(b) =52 inches,whereas the dashed line curves represent A_(abn) and φ_(abn) for areceiver pair positioned at x_(a) =75 inches and x_(b) =100 inches. Anumber of observations can be made from these normalized curves.Consider, first, the solid curves for A_(abn) and φ_(abn) for thereceiver pair located at x_(a) =27 inches, x_(b) =52 inches. It is seenfrom these curves that the attenuation measurement effectively looks"deeper" into the formation than does the phase measurement, confirmingthe discussion in conjunction with the generalized illustrations ofFIGS. 4 and 5. For example, in a situation where D_(i) of the model ofFIG. 6 equals about 50 inches, the normalized phase is seen to be almostunity, which means that a relative phase measurement taken at thesereceiver spacings would yield almost the same relative phase reading asin a situation where there is an infinite invaded zone. Thus, the phasemeasurement will generally not "see" beyond 50 inches of invasion sincethe curve indicates that more than 50 inches of invasion will appear tobe about the same, for this receiver pair spacing, as an infiniteinvaded zone. Stated another way, for an invaded zone of about 50 inchesor more, the phase measurement will be relatively unaffected by thevirgin formations beyond, for the parameters of the model of FIG. 6. Onthe other hand, it is seen from the solid curve for normalizedattenuation, that at D_(i) equals 50 inches the measured attenuationyields a normalized attenuation of less than about 0.3. This means thatthe attenuation reading at an invasion diameter of 50 inches will stillbe largely affected by the virgin formations. As seen from the curve, itis not until invasion exceeds about 80 inches that the normalizedattenuation approaches unity; i.e. it is not until a situation of about80 inches of invasion that the attenuation measurement will no longer besubstantially influenced by the virgin formations, for the parameters ofthe model of FIG. 6.

The dashed line curves which respectively represent the normalizedattenuation, A_(abn), and normalized phase, φ_(abn), for a receiver pairpositioned at x_(a) =75 inches and x_(b) =100 inches again illustratethat the attenuation measurement generally looks "deeper" into theformations than the phase measurement. For example, at an invaded zonediameter D_(i) of 80 inches, the normalized phase is seen to be almostunity; i.e., measuring almost entirely the invaded zone. In contrast,the normalized attenuation, A_(abn), is still close to zero, indicatingthat measurements of attenuation are still, at this degree of invasion,dominated by the virgin formations.

It is seen that the curve for normalized phase for receiver locations atx_(a) =75 inches, x_(b) =100 inches, and the curve for normalizedattenuation for the receiver spacings x_(a) =27 inches, x_(b) =52 inchesare a relatively close "match" over the full range of invasiondiameters. The curves are also a good match over the range of invasiondiameters for different models having other parameter values and othertransition zone profiles (applicant having established that this is thecase by computing curves for a number of different models). Thesespacings are accordingly selected as preferred spacings herein, althoughit will be understood that substantial variations are possible. Forexample, selection of spacings is related in part to selection ofoperating frequency, described hereinbelow. Also, it will be understoodthat other families of curves can be set forth with suitable matchesbeing selected.

In selecting a suitable operating frequency, a number of considerationscome into play. As frequency is increased, absorption of wave energy bythe formations increases so that the received signal level decreases.Also, depth of investigation decreases as frequency increases. However,at higher frequencies, conductivity has a less dominant effect on themeasurements, so the resolution of dielectric constant determination isimproved. Accordingly, frequency of operation is selected to balancethese countervailing considerations. An operating frequency of about 20MHz is believed to provide adequate dielectric constant determinationresolution while still allowing for sufficient signal strength at thereceivers and sufficient depth of investigation.

The selection of receiver pair spacing and locations depends uponvarious factors and there is some latitude in these selections,consistent with the principles of the invention as set forth. In thisrespect, the following discussion of selection of preferred receiverlocations and spacings should be considered as exemplary. To maximizedepth of investigation, one can first select the furthest receiver, R₄,as being as far from the transmitter as practical. Limitations on thephysical length of the logging tool (which must be efficiently movedthrough imperfect boreholes) and attenuation of the received signal overlonger distances are limiting factors on the spacing of R₄. In view ofthese factors, a spacing of about 100 inches from the transmitter to R₄is selected as yielding at least a minimum threshold signal level inrelatively conductive formations. The position of the receiver of the"far" receiver pair, R₃, is next selected. R₃ should be sufficiently farfrom R₄ to provide good electrical resolution for the phase and/orattenuation measurements. On the other hand, the separation from R₄should not be so great as to cause ambiguity in the phase measurement.Also, unduly wide spacing reduces logging resolution; i.e., the abilityto detect relatively quickly changing formation characteristics (e.g.thin beds). In the present embodiment, the position of R₃ is selected asbeing about 25 inches from R₄, that is, about 75 inches from thetransmitter. Having selected the location of the "far" receiver pair,which is employed in the main embodiment herein to obtain relative phaseinformation, the location of the "close" receiver pair is then selectedsuch that the depth of investigation of the relative attenuationinformation to be obtained from the "close" receiver pair issubstantially matched with the depth of investigation of the relativephase information to be obtained from the "far" receiver pair. Thetechnique described above for presenting normalized depth ofinvestigation of different theoretical receiver pair spacings for ageneralized model can be advantageously employed to obtain this match.As seen from the graph of FIG. 9, a "close" receiver pair spacing havingR₁ located about 27 inches from the transmitter and having R₂ locatedabout 52 inches from the transmitter provides a relatively close match(over a range of possible average transition zone diameters) of theattenuation measurement depth of investigation for R₁, R₂ with therelative phase measurement depth of investigation of R₃, R₄. In thisinstance, the spacing between the receivers of the "close" receiver pairis selected to be substantially the same as the spacing betweenreceivers of the "far" receiver pair, i.e., about 25 inches, so thatthey have similar resolution capabilities.

FIG. 11 illustrates a graph of attenuation versus phase for variousvalues of ε' and σ, when utilizing the preferred receiver pair spacingsR₁, R₂ =27", 52" and R₃, R₄ =75", 100 " as developed in conjunction withFIGS. 8 and 9. The curves may be generated in accordance with thetechnique set forth in conjunction with FIG. 10 for solving equations(8) and (12) to obtain values of ε' and σ for each pair Atten, Δφ. Inparticular, in equation (8) the distances L₁ and L₂ are 27" and 52",respectively (since the close receiver pair is used to obtainattenuation information), whereas in equation (12) the distances L₁ andL₂ are 75" and 100", respectively (since the far receiver pair is usedto obtain phase information). As previously described, values of ε' andσ can initially be stored (e.g. using the technique of FIG. 10) incomputing module 100. A table look-up can then be employed, as values ofAtten. and Δφ are received on lines 60A and 70A, to obtain output valuesof ε' and σ for recording. Alternatively, as also noted above,iterative, curve matching, or analog computer techniques can be employedto generate recordable output values.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, an "ultra deep"conductivity determination can be made utilizing an attenuationmeasurement taken at the far receiver pair R₃, R₄. In accordance withthis technique, the dielectric constant of the formations is firstdetermined using the apparatus and method already described; i.e.,utilizing the attenuation measurement from the close receiver pair R₁,R₂ in conjunction with the phase measurement from the far receiver pairR₃, R₄, and employing these values in the relationships (8) and (12) toobtain a determination of the dielectric constant (or electricpermittivity) of the formations. Now, with ε' as a "known," theattenuation measurement taken at the far receiver pair can be used inrelationship (8), replacing the distances from T to R₁ and R₂ with thedistances from T to R₃ and R₄, to solve for σ, the value of σ obtainedin this manner being designated as σ_(ud). It will be understood thatthe ε ' employed in solving for σ_(ud) represents the dielectricconstant of somewhat shallower formations than those which contribute tothe attenuation measurement taken at the far receiver pair, R₃, R₄.However, in most cases this will not give rise to a substantialpercentage error in determination of σ_(ud).

Referring to FIG. 12, there is illustrated an embodiment of theinvention wherein attenuation and phase information from each of aplurality of receiver pairs is obtained using single channel processing.In particular, a measurement of amplitude and/or phase of the waveenergy received at one receiver of a particular receiver pair isobtained utilizing a single processing channel coupled to the receiverin question. The determined value of amplitude and/or phase is storedand the same processing channel is then coupled to the other receiver ofthe receiver part. An amplitude and phase measurement associated withthis other receiver is then obtained and stored, and the two storedvalues of amplitude and/or the two stored values of phase are thenutilized to obtain the desired values of attenuation and/or relativephase difference of the electromagnetic wave energy received at theparticular receiver pair. In the embodiment of FIG. 12, circuitry isillustrated as being available for obtaining attenuation and phasedifference measurements for each of three receiver pairs, viz. R₁ R₂, R₂R₃, and R₃ R₄. In other words, the circuitry is for the generalized casewherein any or all of the obtained values can be utilized in accordancewith the principles of the invention. However, it will be understoodthat less than all of this information may be utilized for a particularapplication, and, if desired, portions of the circuitry can be omittedfor applications of the invention wherein the outputs of such circuitportions are not utilized; i.e., either recorded or utilized by thecomputing module 100. The embodiment of FIG. 12 also sets forth animplementation of the feature of the invention whereby at least onemeasurement obtained from closer receivers is substituted for ameasurement which would normally be taken at more remote receivers ininstances where the information from the more remote receivers does notmeet a predetermined standard. This situation might typically occur inrelatively conductive formations wherein signal attenuation prevents asufficiently strong signal from being received at the more remotereceivers.

Regarding the specifics of FIG. 12, a transmitter T and four receiversdesignated R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are again provided. As in FIG. 1, thesereceivers may typically comprise coils which are disposed insuccessively spaced relation on a sonde. The transmitter T is energized,in the present embodiment, with a 20 MHz signal from an oscillator 251.The output of oscillator is coupled, via amplifier 261 and matching andbalancing circuit 262, to the transmitter T. The timing signals utilizedfor switching as between different receivers as well as for switching inthe receiver circuitry is obtained by dividing the 20 MHz signal by 250and then by 1000, as indicated by the frequency dividers 252 and 258.The frequency divided signal is band pass filtered by filter 253 andconverted to a square wave by square wave circuit 254. The resultantoutput on line 254A is an 80 KHz square wave which is coupled to oneinput of phase detector 241. The signal on line 254A is also coupled todivide-by-1000 frequency divider 258 whose output, 258A is furthercoupled to an inverter 259 which produces an output on a line 259A. Thesignals on lines 258A and 259A are utilized in the receiver circuitry ina manner to be described. The phase detector 241 is part of a loop whichincludes a voltage controlled oscillator 242 and a frequency divider243. The voltage controlled oscillator 242 has a characteristicfrequency around 19.92 MHz; viz., 80 KHz less than the 20 MHz frequencyof oscillator 251. The 19.92 MHz signal is divided by 249 to obtain an80 KHz signal which is coupled to the other input of phase detector 241.If a difference occurs between the two derived 80 KHz signals, an errorsignal is output from phase detector 241 and tends to correct the outputfrequency of the voltage controlled oscillator 242 so as to maintain an80 KHz frequency difference as between the two oscillators 251 and 242.

The outputs of receivers R₁ and R₂ are respectively coupled to the inputterminals of a switch 411, the receivers R₂ and R₃ are respectivelycoupled to the input terminals of a switch 311, and the receivers R₃ andR₄ are respectively coupled to the input terminals of a switch 211. Eachof the switches 211, 311 and 411 is operative to couple one or the otherof its inputs to its output, under control of the 80 Hz timing signal online 258A. The outputs of switches 211, 311 and 411 are respectivelycoupled to the inputs of processing channels designated 290, 390 and490. Processing channel 290 includes a matching and balancing cirucit212 which is coupled to a preamplifier 213 having a gain control inputdesignated 213I. The output of preamplifier 213 is coupled to a mixer214 which receives, at its other input terminal, a signal on a line242A. As previously described, this signal has a frequency of 19.92 MHzand is different from the transmitter frequency by 80 KHz. It was notedwith respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1 that this technique facilitatesmeasurement of amplitude and/or phase information by allowing detectionto be performed at a lower frequency while still maintaining theinherent amplitude and phase information of the received electromagneticwave energy. The output of mixer 214 is coupled through a band passfilter 215 which passes a suitable frequency band, centered at 80 KHz,to an intermediate frequency amplifier 216. The output of amplifier 216is coupled to both a peak detector 217 and a square wave circuit 219which may typically comprise a Schmitt trigger. The output of peakdetector 217 is coupled to an automatic gain control circuit 218 whoseoutput is fed back to the control terminal of preamplifier 213. (The AGCpreferably has a relatively long time constant and does notsubstantially modify successive signals received at the two receivers towhich the particular channel is coupled.) The output of the peakdetector 217, which produces a signal representative of the envelope ofthe electromagnetic wave energy received at the receiver to which theprocessing channel 290 is instantaneously coupled, is also coupled to astorage circuit 225. In the present embodiment, the storage circuitincludes a pair of sample and hold circuits 225A and 225B which areoperative to sample the input signal under control of the timing signalson lines 258A and 259A. In particular, the sample and hold circuit 225Ais triggered to sample the input signal upon the positive-goingexcursion of the timing signal on line 258A, whereas the sample and holdcircuit 254B is adapted for triggering by the positive-going excursionsof the opposite polarity timing signal on line 259A. The two outputs ofstorage circuit 225 are coupled to a ratio circuit 226 which generatesan output representative of the ratio of the electromagnetic wave energyenvelope received at receiver R₄ with respect to the same received atreceiver R₃ ; i.e. an attenuation designated Atten₃,4.

The output of amplifier 216 is also coupled to a square wave circuit 219whose output is, in turn, coupled to a zero-crossing detector 220. Theoutput of zero-crossing detector is coupled to the reset input of aflip-flop 221. The set input of flip-flop 221 receives the signal online 254A. The output of flip-flop 221 is integrated by integrator 222which generates an output signal that is proportional to the width ofthe output pulse from flip-flop 221 and is accordingly proportional tothe time during which flip-flop 221 was "on". Integrator 222 is reset,via delay 229, by both the positive-going and negative-going excursionsof the 80 Hz signal from line 258A. The output of integrator 222 iscoupled to a storage circuit 223 which is similar to the storage circuit225 in that it includes a pair of sample and hold circuits 223A and 223Bwhich are respectively triggered to sample by the oppositely phasedsquare waves on lines 285A and 259A. The two outputs of storage circuit223 are coupled to a difference amplifier 224 which produces an outputdesignated Δφ₃,4. In operation, it is readily seen that Δφ₃,4 will berepresentative of the phase difference as between the electromagneticenergy received at receivers R₃ and R₄. During the time when theprocessing channel 290 is coupled to the receiver R₃, phase measurementsare taken on the arriving signal with respect to a reference, thereference being the 80 KHz signal on line 254A which is related to theenergizing signal coupled to the transmitter T. This reference signalsets the flip-flop 221, and it is reset by virtue of the signal arrivingat R₃ via channel 290. Thus, for each cycle of the 80 KHz square wavethe flip-flop 221 produces an output pulse whose duration isrepresentative of the relative phase of the electromagnetic wave energyarriving at receiver R₃. The pulses are averaged by integrator 222, sothe value which is stored in the sample and hold circuit 223A of storagecircuit 223 is representative of a phase measurement of theelectromagnetic wave energy arriving at receiver R₃. When the processingchannel 290 is switched to be coupled to receiver R₄, the same referenceis again used to set the flip-flop 221, but in this case it is reset bya signal derived from the elecromagnetic wave energy arrival at receiverR₄. Accordingly, the value stored in sample and hold circuit 223B ofstorage circuit 223 is representative of the corresponding phasemeasurement for the electromagnetic wave energy received at receiver R₄.The difference between these two phases is obtained using differenceamplifier 224 whose output, as indicated, is designated as Δφ₃,4.

The channels 390 and 490 may have configurations similar to that ofchannel 290 as described. Typically, determination of dielectricconstant and/or conductivity, as described hereinabove, will be madeemploying Atten₁,2 and Δφ₃,4. FIG. 12 illustrates these signals, andalso Δφ₂,3, as being coupled, via block 292, to computing module 100(FIG. 1). The block 292 includes a switch 293 which couples either Δφ₃,4or Δφ₂,3 to computing module 100 under control of the output ofthreshold detector 291. The threshold detector 291 receives as its inputthe signal from AGC circuit 218; i.e., a signal representative of thewave energy amplitude received at R₃, R₄. When AGC amplification exceedsa predetermined threshold, the received signal levels at R₃, R₄ isconsidered insufficient and Δφ₂,3 is coupled to computing module 100 forprocessing. The output of threshold detector 291, which is determinativeof the status of switch 293, is also transmitted uphole and recorded sothat it is clear which receiver pair is being utilized.

The invention has been described with reference to particularembodiments, but variations within the spirit and scope of the inventionwill occur to those skilled in the art. For example, while adifferential receiver arrangement is illustrated as being preferablyemployed to obtain attenuation measurements, it will be understood thatdirect measurements of amplitude can be utilized. However, thedifferential receiver arrangement is preferred in that it minimizesborehole effects and the effects of invasion on the measurements. Forexample, the graph of FIG. 11 substantially applies for boreholes ofvarious diameters, whereas a corresponding graph of phase differenceversus amplitude (direct measurement) would apply only for a particularborehole diameter, with different graphs being needed for differentborehole diameters.

I claim:
 1. Apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of earth formations surrounding a borehole,comprising:means for generating electromagnetic wave energy at a firstlocation in the borehole; means for detecting the relative attenuationof the electromagnetic wave energy at a second location in the boreholeto obtain an attenuation-representative signal at one effective spacing;means for detecting the relative phase of the electromagnetic waveenergy at a third location in the borehole to obtain aphase-representative signal at another effective spacing; said secondlocation being between said first and third locations so that said onespacing is shorter than said another spacing; said spacings being suchas to cause said attenuation-representative signal and saidphase-representative signal to be representative of the effects offormations at substantially the same depth of investigation; and meansresponsive to said phase-representative signal and saidattenuation-representative signal for determining the dielectricconstant and/or conductivity of said formations by combining saidsignals from different spacings.
 2. Apparatus as defined by claim 1wherein said second location is spaced approximately halfway betweensaid first and third locations.
 3. Apparatus for determining thedielectric constant and/or conductivity of earth formations atsubstantially a given depth of investigation from a borehole,comprising:means for generating electromagnetic wave energy at a firstlocation in the borehole; a pair of spaced receivers for detecting therelative attenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy at a secondlocation in the borehole; means for detecting the relative phase of theelectromagnetic wave energy at a third location in the borehole; saidsecond location being between said first and third locations; and meansfor determining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of saidformations at substantially a given depth of investigation from theborehole by combining the detected attenuation and phase.
 4. Apparatusas defined by claim 3 wherein said means for detecting relative phasecomprises a second pair of spaced receivers at the third location, andmeans for detecting the relative phase as between the electromagneticwave energy received at the receivers of said second pair.
 5. Apparatusas defined by claim 3 wherein said pair of receivers comprises a pair ofspaced receiver coils.
 6. Apparatus as defined by claim 4 wherein saidfirst and second pairs of receivers each comprise a pair of spacedreceiver coils.
 7. Apparatus as defined by claim 6 wherein said meansfor generating electromagnetic energy comprises a transmitter coil andelectromagnetic energizing means coupled to the transmitter coil. 8.Apparatus as defined by claim 6 wherein the frequency of saidelectromagnetic energy is in the range of about 10 MHz to 100 MHz. 9.Apparatus as defined by claim 8 wherein the frequency of saidelectromagnetic energy is about 20 MHz.
 10. Apparatus as defined byclaim 9 wherein said second location is spaced approximately halfwaybetween said first and third locations.
 11. Apparatus as defined byclaim 8 wherein the four receivers are approximately equally spaced withabout a two foot spacing between receivers.
 12. Apparatus fordetermining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of earthformations at substantially a given depth of investigation from aborehole, comprising:means for generating electromagnetic wave energy ata first location in the borehole; means for detecting the relativeattenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy at a second location inthe borehole; a pair of spaced receivers for detecting the relativephase of the electromagnetic wave energy at a third location in theborehole; said second location being between said first and thirdlocations; and means for determining the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of said formations at substantially a given depth ofinvestigation from the borehole by combining the detected attenuationand phase.
 13. Apparatus as defined by claim 12 wherein said pair ofreceivers comprises a pair of spaced receiver coils.
 14. A method fordetermining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of earthformations surrounding a borehole, comprising the steps of:generatingelectromagnetic wave energy at a first location in the borehole;detecting the relative attenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy ata second location in said borehole to obtain anattenuation-representative signal at one effective spacing; detectingthe relative phase of the electromagnetic wave energy at a thirdlocation in said borehole to obtain a phase-representative signal atanother effective spacing; said second location being between said firstand third locations so that said one spacing is shorter than saidanother spacing; said spacings being such as to cause saidattenuation-representative signal and said phase-representative signalto be representative of the effects of formations at substantially thesame depth of investigation; and determining the dielectric constantand/or conductivity of said formations by combining said signals fromdifferent spacings.
 15. The method as defined by claim 14 wherein thefrequency of said electromagnetic energy is in the range of about 10 MHzto 100 MHz.
 16. The method as defined by claim 15 wherein the frequencyof said electromagnetic energy is about 20 MHz.
 17. The method asdefined by claim 14 wherein said second location is spaced approximatelyhalfway between said first and third locations.
 18. The method asdefined by claim 15 wherein said second location is spaced approximatelyhalfway between said first and third locations.
 19. A method fordetermining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of earthformations at substantially a given depth of investigation from aborehole, comprising the steps of:generating electromagnetic wave energyat a first location in the borehole; detecting the relative attenuationof the electromagnetic wave energy with a pair of spaced receivers at asecond location in said borehole; detecting the relative phase of theelectromagnetic wave energy at a third location in said borehole; saidsecond location being between said first and third locations; anddetermining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of saidformations at substantially a given depth of investigation from theborehole by combining the detected attenuation and phase.
 20. The methodas defined by claim 19 wherein the step of detecting relative phasecomprises providing a second pair of spaced receivers at the thirdlocation, and detecting the relative phase as between theelectromagnetic wave energy received at the receivers of said secondpair.
 21. The method as defined by claim 20 wherein said second locationis spaced approximately halfway between said first and third locations.22. Apparatus for determining the dielectric constant of earthformations surrounding a borehole, comprising:means for generatingelectromagnetic wave energy at a first location in the borehole; meansfor detecting the relative attenuation of the electromagnetic waveenergy at a second location in the borehole to obtain anattenuation-representative signal at one effective spacing; means fordetecting the relative phase shift of said electromagnetic wave energyat a third location in the borehole to obtain a phase-representativesignal at another effective spacing; said second location being betweensaid first and third locations so that said one spacing is shorter thansaid another spacing; said spacings being such as to cause saidattenuation-representative signal and said phase-representative signalto be representative of the effects of formations at substantially thesame depth of investigation; and means responsive to saidphase-representative signal and to said attenuation-representativesignal for determining the dielectric constant of said formations bycombining said signals from different spacings.
 23. A method fordetermining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity of earthformations at substantially a given depth of investigation from aborehole, comprising the steps of:generating electromagnetic wave energyat a first location in the borehole; detecting the relative attenuationof the electromagnetic wave energy at a second location in saidborehole; detecting the relative phase of the electromagnetic waveenergy with a pair of spaced receivers at a third location in saidborehole; said second location being between said first and thirdlocations; and determining the dielectric constant and/or conductivityof said formations at substantially a given depth of investigation fromthe borehole by combining the detected attenuation and phase. 24.Apparatus for determining the dielectric constant of earth formations atsubstantially a given depth of investigation from a borehole,comprising;means for generating electromagnetic wave energy at a firstlocation in a borehole; a pair of spaced receivers for detecting therelative attenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy at a secondlocation in the borehole; means for detecting the relative phase shiftof said electromagnetic wave energy at a third location in the borehole;said second location being between said first and third locations; andmeans for determining the dielectric constant of said formations ofsubstantially a given depth of investigation from the borehole bycombining the detected attenuation and phase.
 25. Apparatus as definedby claim 24 wherein said means for detecting relative phase comprises asecond pair of spaced receivers at the third location, and means fordetecting the relative phase as between the electromagnetic wave energyreceived at the receivers of said second pair.
 26. Apparatus as definedby claim 25 wherein said second location is spaced approximately halfwaybetween said first and third locations.
 27. Apparatus as defined byclaim 26 wherein the frequency of said electromagnetic energy is in therange of about 10 MHz to 100 MHz.
 28. Apparatus as defined by claim 27wherein the frequency of said electromagnetic energy is about 20 MHz.29. Apparatus for determining the conductivity of earth formationssurrounding a borehole, comprising:means for generating electromagneticwave energy at a first location in the borehole; means for detecting therelative attenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy at a secondlocation in the borehole to obtain an attenuation-representative signalat one effective spacing; means for detecting the relative phase shiftof said electromagnetic wave energy at a third location in the boreholeto obtain a phase-representative signal at another effective spacing;said second location being between said first and third locations sothat said one spacing is shorter than said another spacing; saidspacings being such as to cause said attenuation-representation signaland said phase-representative signal to be representative of the effectsof formations at substantially the same depth of investigation; andmeans responsive to said phase-representative signal and to saidattenuation-representative signal for determining the conductivity ofsaid formations by combining said signals from different spacings. 30.Apparatus for determining the conductivity of earth formations atsubstantially a given depth of investigation from a borehole,comprising:means for generating electromagnetic wave energy at a firstlocation in the borehole; a pair of spaced receivers for detecting therelative attenuation of the electromagnetic wave energy at a secondlocation in the borehole; means for detecting the relative phase shiftof said electromagnetic wave energy at a third location in the borehole;said second location being between said first and third locations; andmeans for determining the conductivity of said formations atsubstantially a given depth of investigation from the borehole bycombining the detected attenuation and phase.
 31. Apparatus as definedby claim 30 wherein said means for detecting relative phase comprises asecond pair of spaced receivers at the third location, and means fordetecting the relative phase as between the electromagnetic wave energyreceived at the receivers of said second pair.
 32. Apparatus as definedby claim 31 wherein said second location is spaced approximately halfwaybetween said first and third locations.
 33. Apparatus as defined byclaim 32 wherein the frequency of said electromagnetic energy is in therange of about 10 MHz to 100 MHz.
 34. Apparatus as defined by claim 33wherein the frequency of said electromagnetic energy is about 20 MHz.35. Apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of earth formations surrounding a borehole,comprising:means for deriving, at one effective spacing, the relativeattenuation of electromagnetic wave energy passed between first andsecond locations in the borehole; means for deriving, at anothereffective spacing, the relative phase of electromagnetic wave energypassed between said first location and a third location in the borehole;the second location being between the first and third locations so thatsaid one spacing is shorter than said another spacing; said spacingsbeing such as to cause said attenuation-representative signal and saidphase-representative signal to be representative of the effects offormations at substantially the same depth of investigation; and meansfor generating a signal representative of the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of said formations by combining the attenuation and phasederived from different spacings.
 36. A method for determining thedielectric constant and/or conductivity of earth formations surroundinga borehole, comprising the steps of:deriving, at one effective spacing,the relative attenuation of electromagnetic wave energy passed betweenfirst and second locations in the borehole; deriving, at anothereffective spacing, the relative phase of electromagnetic wave energypassed between said first location and a third location in the borehole;a second location being between the first and third locations so thatsaid one spacing is shorter than said another spacing; said spacingsbeing such as to cause said attenuation-representative signal and saidphase-representative signal to be representative of the effects offormations at substantially the same depth of investigation; andgenerating a signal representative of the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of said formations by combining the attenuation and phasederived from different spacings.
 37. Apparatus for determining theconductivity of earth formations surrounding a borehole,comprising:means for generating electromagnetic wave energy at a firstlocation in the borehole; means for detecting the relative attenuationof the electromagnetic wave energy at a second location in the borehole;means for detecting the attenuation and the relative phase shift of theelectromagnetic wave energy at a third location in the borehole; saidsecond location being between said first and third locations; means forderiving the dielectric constant of said formations as a function ofsaid attenuation detected at said second location and the phase shiftdetected at said third location; and means for determining theconductivity of said formations by combining said derived dielectricconstant and the attenuation detected at said third location. 38.Apparatus for determining the dielectric constant and/or conductivity ofearth formations of substantially a given volume and shape surrounding aborehole, comprising:a transmitter for generating electromagnetic waveenergy in the borehole; first, second, third and fourth receivers spacedsuccessively from the transmitter location in the borehole; first andsecond processing channels, said first processing channel beingswitchably coupleable to said first receiver or said second receiver,said second processing channel being switchably coupleable to said thirdreceiver or said fourth receiver; an attenuation detector coupled tosaid first processing channel, said attenuation detector being operativeto compare the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave energy received atsaid second receiver when said first processing channel is coupledthereto to the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave energy received atsaid first receiver when said first processing channel is coupledthereto; phase comparator means coupled to said second processingchannel and operative to compare the phase of the electromagnetic waveenergy received at the fourth received when the third processing channelis coupled thereto to the phase of the electromagnetic wave energyreceived at the third receiver when the third processing channel iscoupled thereto; means for determining the dielectric constant and/orconductivity of said formations of substantially a given volume andshape by combining the output of said amplitude detector and said phasecomparator means.